Grey wolf howling11/24/2023 ![]() ![]() For the grey wolf, most of the mitochondrial diversity is centred in southern and central Asia, where two independent and phylogenetically basal maternal lineages–the Tibetan and Indian wolf–are found. While there has been much research on wolves in North America and Europe, much less has been done on the wolves of Asia. Being present throughout Eurasia and North America, the wolf is one of the most widely distributed land mammals and occupies a wide range of different habitat types. The wolf ( Canis lupus) is a social mammal and uses a variety of vocalisations for communication. Characterising the vocal repertoire of a species provides a base for understanding the behavioural significance of different vocalisations and studying how vocal communication varies across populations, subspecies, and taxa. Vocalisation plays a critical role in social animals for conveying information on foraging, reproductive, and social behaviours. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. BH was the principal investigator of both the project and SS was the researcher in those projects. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This research was funded by Maharashtra Forest Department ( ) and Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India ( ). Received: ApAccepted: OctoPublished: October 31, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Sadhukhan et al. ![]() PLoS ONE 14(10):Įditor: Govindhaswamy Umapathy, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, INDIA Our study’s characterisation of the Indian wolf’s harmonic vocal repertoire provides a first step in understanding the function and contextual use of vocalisations in this social mammal.Ĭitation: Sadhukhan S, Hennelly L, Habib B (2019) Characterising the harmonic vocal repertoire of the Indian wolf ( Canis lupus pallipes). Lastly, we identified the whine, which had a mean fundamental frequency of 906Hz (☒42) and is similar to the Italian wolf (979☑09 Hz). ‘Social squeak’ or ‘talking’ (Mean fundamental frequency = 461☘3 Hz), which is highly variable (coefficient of frequency variation = 18.778☓.587). Less information is available on the third vocalisation type, i.e. The whimper showed the highest frequency modulation (37.296±4.601) and the highest mean fundamental frequency (1708±524 Hz) compared to other call types. Although having a smaller body size compared to other wolf subspecies, Indian wolf howls have an average mean fundamental frequency of 422 Hz (☑26), which is similar to other wolf subspecies. Using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and discriminant function analysis, we found four distinct vocalisations using 270 recorded vocalisations (Average Silhouette width Si = 0.598) which include howls and howl-barks (N = 238), whimper (N = 2), social squeak (N = 28), and whine (N = 2). In this study, we characterise harmonic vocalisation types of the Indian wolf using howl survey responses and opportunistic recordings from captive and nine packs (each pack contains 2–9 individuals) of free-ranging Indian wolves. The Indian grey wolf, among the least studied subspecies, is a social carnivore that lives in groups called packs and has many types of vocal communication. Vocal communication in social animals plays a crucial role in mate choice, maintaining social structure, and foraging strategy.
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